Ethical Theories Comparison Chart Get assignment help from our qualified homework doers. At the companys 50th anniversary party, the CEO asked anyone related to anyone else at the organization to stand up. It is easier to determine an action as morally right in Kantian ethics . They both inform clients of informed consent and protect clients to earn their trust so that they can create an ongoing partnership, by maintaining confidentiality. Eva Feder Kittay is another prominent care ethicist. There are three foundational beliefs in ethics of care: ? Principles that could be regarded as central to care ethics might pertain to the origin and basic need of care relations, the evaluation of claims of need, the obligation to care, and the scope of care distribution. 7. We havent asked because it hasnt mattered what their personal relationships may be. Eudaimonia is the ultimate goal for humans. In 2000, Deborah Stone called for a national care movement in the U.S. to draw attention to the need for social programs of care such as universal health care, pre-school education, care for the elderly, improved foster care, and adequate wages for care-givers. Mona Harrington explores the significance of the liberal ideal of equality to care ethics by tracing how womens inequality is linked to the low social valuing and provision of care work (Harrington, 2000). Gilligan found that in adulthood women are encouraged to resolve the crises of adolescence by excluding themselves or others, that is, by being good/responsive, or by being selfish/independent. They include: consequence-based (utilitarianism), duty-based (deontological) and character-based theory (virtue). Usually summarized in the mission statement, the core values refer to the principle that guides an organizations internal conduct, as well as its relationship with the external world ("Businessdictionary.com", 2014). This culture is girded by a systemic devaluing of interdependence, relatedness, and positive interaction with distant others. The most pre-dominant of these comparisons has been between care ethics and virtue ethics, to the extent that care ethics is sometimes categorized as a form of virtue ethics, with care being a central virtue. Other care ethicists refine Noddings claim by emphasizing the practical and moral connections between proximate and distant relations, by affirming a principle of care for the most vulnerable on a global level, and by explicitly weaving a political component into care theory. Later, Gilligan vigorously resisted readings of her work that posit care ethics as relating to gender more than theme, and even established the harmony of care and justice ethics (1986), but she never fully abandoned her thesis of an association between women and relational ethics. The Justice of caring In, Star, Daniel. Is Confucianism Compatible with care ethics? Other weaknesses are: It is subjective, making it difficult to define right and wrong. This chapter assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the current federally supported environmental research effort and evaluates its success in responding to some of the needs identified in Chapter 2. 8. She more precisely calls for the public provision of Doulas, paid professional care-workers who care for care-givers, and uses the principle of Doula to justify welfare for all care-givers, akin to workers compensation or unemployment benefits. weaknesses: not flexible idea. While early strains of care ethics can be detected in the writings of feminist philosophers such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Catherine and Harriet Beecher, and Charlotte Perkins, it was first most explicitly articulated by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings in the early 1980s. Virtue Ethics sees morality as grounded in a view a. of human nature (to Aristotle the rational and irrational sides in conflict) and b. the social concept of the "good life" (the life fulfilled) which differs from society to society (see relativism weakness). The Weaknesses of Duty and Rights-Based Ethic Both duty and rights-based ethics are forms of universalism because they rely on principles that must be applied at all times to all people. In this dilemma, the children are asked whether a man, Heinz, should have stolen an overpriced drug to save the life of his ill wife. Ethics of Care Theory: a relationship-based way to approach ethics as opposed to justice-based ; . Ethics of Care: Kantianism: How is "good" Determined: An act that nurtures the connections among those closest to each other. While cautious of the associations between care and femininity, they find it useful to tap the resources of the lived and embodied experiences of women, a common one which is the capacity to birth children. Defining care as everything we do to satisfy vital biological needs, develop and sustain basic capabilities, and avoid unnecessary suffering, Engster applies these goals to domestic politics, economic justice, international relations, and culture. Alternatively, a different client, one not demanding a bribe, may be sought to purchase the companys goods and services. Major Strengths: Seeks to maximize happiness and benefit all. The concept of slave morality comes from the philosopher Frederick Nietzsche, who held that oppressed peoples tend to develop moral theories that reaffirm subservient traits as virtues. However, authors like Marilyn Friedman maintain that even if it cannot be shown that care is a distinctly female moral orientation, it is plausibly understood as a symbolically feminine approach (Friedman, 1987). According to Star, care ethics differs from Confucian ethics in not needing to be bound with any particular tradition, in downgrading the importance of principles (versus merely noting that principles may be revised or suspended), and in rejecting hierarchical, role-based categories of relationship in favor of contextual and particular responses. Gilligan articulated these thematic perspectives through the moral reasoning of Jake and Amy, two children in Kohlbergs studies responding to the Heinz dilemma. cit. Premised on a fundamental non-contractual human need for care, Held construes care as the most basic moral value. The Role of the Head of State: In a coalition system the Head of State is always liable to find him playing a more active role in Government formation. In contrast, Held, Kittay, and Tronto draft more robust overlaps between care and feminist theory, retaining yet challenging the gender-laden associations of care with language like mothering persons or dependency workers. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology (American Medical Association, 2011). Kittay, Eva Feder and Myers, Diana T., ed. 6. Annette Baier observes certain affinities between care ethics and the moral theory of David Hume, whom she dubs the womens moral theorist. Baier suggests both deny that morality consists in obedience to a universal law, emphasizing rather the importance of cultivating virtuous sentimental character traits, including gentleness, agreeability, compassion, sympathy, and good temperedness (1987, 42). Combining the strengths of both approaches in triangulation, if time and money permit . She maintained that while the one-caring has an obligation to care-for proximate humans and animals to the extent that they are needy and able to respond to offerings of care, there is a lesser obligation to care for distant others if there is no hope that care will be completed. The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) organization is the national public health organization that is committed to protect the health and safety of our nation. Making the nurturing of our immediate communities and the protecting of those closest to us the highest moral obligation. Conceptualizing care as a cluster of practices and values, she describes a caring person as one who has appropriate motivations to care for others and who participates adeptly in effective caring practices. we like to look at the end result too much rather then the person and the morality of it. Engster similarly argues that the human obligation to care for non-human animals is limited by the degree to which non-human animals are dependent upon humans (Engster, 2006). A number of criticisms have been launched against care ethics, including that it is: a) a slave morality; b) empirically flawed; c) theoretically indistinct; d) parochial, e) essentialist, and f) ambiguous. She further rejects Peter Singers claim that it is specieist to favor humans over animals. It also provides recommendations that have been underrepresented, though not absent, in the discussion. Critics worry that this stance privileges elite care-givers by excusing them from attending to significant differences in international standards of living and their causes. Imagine that you had two parents and a sister working for Oil-Dri in the United States. Expanding on Adams original analysis of the sexual politics of meat (Adams, 1990), they maintain that a feminist care tradition offers a superior foundation for animal ethics. While a graduate student at Harvard, Gilligan wrote her dissertation outlining a different path of moral development than the one described by Lawrence Kohlberg, her mentor. Maureen Sander-Staudt For similar reasons, Lijun Yuan doubts that Confucian ethics can ever be acceptable to contemporary feminists, despite its similarity to care ethics. Within a more traditional ethics, one of the first steps to making a promotion decision is to clear away all the personal stuff before evaluating each employee directly and simply assess his or her professional merits. In a certain sense, it corresponds with our natural instincts to act in favor of and protect those under our care and those involved in our lives. Conclusion. READINGS [1] While consequentialist and deontological ethical theories emphasize generalizable standards and impartiality, ethics of care emphasize the importance of response to the individual. Oil-Dri now makes about $240 million a year in revenues. The most comprehensive articulation of care ethics as a political theory is given by Engster, who defends a need based account of moral obligation (Engster, 2007). As Ruddick points out, at least three distinct but overlapping meanings of care have emerged in recent decadesan ethic defined in opposition to justice, a kind of labor, and a particular relationship (1998, 4). Although care is often unpaid, interpersonal, and emotional work, Engsters definition does not exclude paid work or self-care, nor require the presence of affection or other emotion (32). Sometimes it happens in families that a member becomes so toxic and damaging to the rest that the connection needs to be severed in the name of maintaining the larger whole. each situation is different thus the categorical imperative does not work, if you saying lying is morally wrong but a situation suggests that lying is the morally better thing to do one must lie. ), The impartial application of abstract principles is replaced by the maintenance and harmonizing of human relationships. Sandra Harding observes certain similarities between care ethics and African moralities, noting that care ethics has affinities with many other moral traditions (Harding, 1987). Modern Philosophers have placed too much emphasis on action and reason without emphasizing socially agreed virtues, also too much stress on the language of morals: what do we mean by saying "stealing is wrong"? She further argued that the scope of caring obligation is limited. Ruddick notes that while some mothers support violence and war, they should not because of how it threatens the goals and substance of care. Gilligan has been faulted for basing her conclusions on too narrow a sample, and for drawing from overly homogenous groups such as students at elite colleges and women considering abortion (thereby excluding women who would not view abortion as morally permissible). But once it is acknowledged that women are diverse, and that some men exhibit equally strong tendencies to care, it is not readily apparent that care ethics is solely or uniquely feminine. Empirical studies suggest interesting differences between the way that men and women think about the moral status of animals, most notably, that women are more strongly opposed to animal research and meat eating, and report being more willing to sacrifice for these causes, than men (Eldridge and Gluck, 1996). Refuting the charge that the moral reasoning of girls and women is immature because of its preoccupation with immediate relations, Gilligan asserted that the care perspective was an alternative, but equally legitimate form of moral reasoning obscured by masculine liberal justice traditions focused on autonomy and independence. It helps to maintain the work-life balance. In particular, Ruddick argues that maternal practice yields specific kinds of thinking and supports a principled resistance to violence. Gen Z are natural entrepreneurs, with 72 per cent wanting to . Following this tradition, the charge that care ethics is a slave morality interprets the different voice of care as emerging from patriarchal traditions characterized by rigidly enforced sexual divisions of labor. Some ethicists prefer to understand care as a practice more fundamental than a virtue or motive because doing so resists the tendency to romanticize care as a sentiment or dispositional trait, and reveals the breadth of caring activities as globally intertwined with virtually all aspects of life. 5. McLaren contends that virtue theory provides care ethics both with a standard of appropriateness and a normative framework: The standard of appropriateness is the meana virtue is always the mean between two extremesThe normative framework stems from the definition of virtue as that which promotes human flourishing (2001, 105). On these grounds she surmises that while the one-caring has a moral obligation to care for a stray cat that shows up at the door and to safely transport spiders out of the house, one is under no obligation to care for a stray rat or to become a vegetarian. Engster understands care as a set of practices normatively informed by three virtues: attention, responsiveness, and respect. Hamington, Maurice and Miller, Dorothy, ed. One popular approach is virtue ethics. In some cases, care ethicists understand the perspectives of care and justice as mutual supplements to one another. HELP with essay: "The weaknesses of Virtue Ethics outweigh it's strengths." Virtue Ethics - Aristotle and MacIntyre Religious Studies Ocr Virtue Ethics Aqa religious studies a2 ethics rst3a - free will, virtue ethics, science, et . Ethical theories deal with the question of how human beings ought to behave in relation to one another. The Realtor code helped establish professionalism and integrity for the real estate industry. Note advantages and drawbacks to the theory. The activation of an ethics of care may justify continuing to pay money under the table. Act Utilitarianism Strength. The medical code of ethics carry much more weight because they are dealing with peoples lives on a daily basis and one mistake could cost someone their life. Other weaknesses are: It is subjective, making it difficult to define right and wrong. (Ethical tensions arent my rights versus yours; its me being torn between those I care for.). As opposed to the traditional idea that the best moral lessons show us how to coldly, impersonally, and impartially apply abstract rules, here were checking to see whos involved, because the reason we have morality is to vitalize our human relationships. She argues for limiting both market provisions for care and the need for legalistic thinking in ethics, asserting that care ethics has superior resources for dealing with the power and violence that imbues all relations, including those on the global level. They should aim at meeting a certain mutual goal in order to be beneficial. Ethics of care seeks to determine whether actions are right or wrong. Noddings located the origin of ethical action in two motives, the human affective response that is a natural caring sentiment, and the memory of being cared-for that gives rise to an ideal self. Starting from the presumption that women enter the practical domain of moral actionthrough a different door, she ascribed to feminine ethics a preference for face-to face moral deliberation that occurs in real time, and appreciation of the uniqueness of each caring relationship. Although many philosophers have developed care ethics, five authors are especially notable. Governments ought to primarily care for their own populations, but should also help the citizens of other nations living under abusive or neglectful regimes, within reasonable limits. Caring and being cared for are really important for human flourishing. Theres no way to know for sure which path will be the right one, but in every case the choice will be made in the name of preserving and nurturing the human relationships surrounding the decision. In Feminist Morality (1993), Held explores the transformative power of creating new kinds of social persons, and the potentially distinct culture and politics of a society that sees as its most important task the flourishing of children and the creation of human relationships. Ethics in Criminal Justice: In search of the Truth (4th ed.). In her more recent book Starting From Home, Noddings endorsed a stronger obligation to care about distant humans, and affirms caring-about as an important motivational stage for inspiring local and global justice, but continued to hold that it is impossible to care-for all, especially distant others. Take a company like Oil-Dri, about which Forbes recounts. Most care ethicists make room for justice concerns and for critically scrutinizing alternatives amongst justice perspectives. Kuhse, H. Clinical Nursing: Yes to Caring, No to Female Ethics of Care., Lai Tao, Julia Po-Wah. The Liberation of Caring: A Different Voice for Gilligans Different Voice., Ruddick, Sara. The crafting process of the ethics code should involve employees so that there is a total buy-in and for the employee to be willing to abide by it. The ethics of care allows us to focus our energy naturally on the most immediate human needs. Care theory: a relationship-based way to approach ethics as opposed to justice-based.... In revenues opposed to justice-based ;, about which Forbes recounts, not!, Sara: attention, responsiveness, and positive interaction with distant others rejects Peter Singers that. Dubs the womens moral theorist torn between those I care for. ) it is subjective, it... 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